Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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US Senator

Todd Young

Republican Party

US Senator

Jim Banks

Republican Party

2023 Median Age

41.4

0.241% 1-year decrease

2023 Poverty Rate

12.5%

0.906% 1-year decrease

2023 Median Household Income

$62,465

2.12% 1-year growth

2023 Median Property Value

$146,400

7.73% 1-year growth

2022 Employed Population

60,251

0.28% 1-year growth

About

In N/A, Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN had a population of N/A people with a median age of 41.4 and a median household income of $62,465. Between N/A and N/A the population of Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN N/A from N/A to N/A, a N/A% N/A and its median household income grew from $61,170 to $62,465, a 2.12% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN are White (Non-Hispanic) (82%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (5.22%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (3.33%), White (Hispanic) (3.17%), and Other (Hispanic) (2.52%).

6.81% of the households in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

97.8% of the residents in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN are Indiana University-Kokomo (628 degrees awarded in 2023), Summit Salon Academy-Kokomo (83 degrees), and Ross Medical Education Center-Kokomo (52 degrees).

In 2023, the median property value in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN was $146,400, and the homeownership rate was 73.9%.

Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN borders Jasper, Starke, Fulton, Newton & Pulaski Counties PUMA, IN, Montgomery, Clinton, White, Carroll & Benton Counties PUMA, IN, Grant, Miami & Wabash Counties PUMA, IN, Boone & Hamilton (Northwest) Counties PUMA, IN, Hamilton County (East)--Noblesville City & Fishers Town (East) PUMA, IN, and Madison County--Anderson City PUMA, IN.

United States Indiana

Population & Diversity

Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN is home to a population of N/A people, from which 97.8% are citizens. As of 2023, 3.83% of Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN residents were born outside of the country (5.24k people).

In 2023, there were 15.7 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (112k people) in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN than any other race or ethnicity. There were 7.14k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 4.56k Two+ (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN are Spanish (5,901 households), German (427 households), and Vietnamese (338 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

69,707

Women

51%

66,957

Men

49%

The resident population of United States in 2022 was 136,664 inhabitants, with 49% men, and 51% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

97.8%

2023 Citizenship

97.7%

2022 Citizenship

As of 2023, 97.8% of Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2022, the percentage of US citizens in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN was 97.7%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN

White (Non-Hispanic)
112k ± 383
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
7.14k ± 450
Two+ (Non-Hispanic)
4.56k ± 603

7.72%

Hispanic Population

10.6k people

7.72% of the people in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN are hispanic (10.6k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Mexico
2,025 ± 1,097 people
India
467 ± 530 people
Cuba
394 ± 487 people

In 2022, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN was Mexico, the natal country of 2,025 Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN residents, followed by India with 467 and Cuba with 394.

Foreign-Born Population

3.83%

2023 Foreign-Born Population

5.24k people

3.91%

2022 Foreign-Born Population

5.34k people

As of 2023, 3.83% of Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN residents (5.24k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.8%. In 2022, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN was 3.91%, meaning that the rate has been decreasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
5,901 households (4.59%)
German
427 households (0.332%)
Vietnamese
338 households (0.263%)

6.81% of the households in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is lower than the national average of 22%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2023, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN was Spanish. 4.59% of the households in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
2,757 ± 321
Gulf War (2001-)
1,740 ± 342
Gulf War (1990s)
1,262 ± 208

Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.58 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN employs 60.3k people. The largest industries in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN are Motor vehicles & motor vehicle equipment manufacturing (7,494 people), Restaurants & Food Services (4,586 people), and Elementary & secondary schools (3,581 people), and the highest paying industries are Jewelry, luggage, & leather goods stores ($118,539), Architectural, engineering & related services ($105,297), and Lessors of real estate, and offices of real estate agents and brokers ($95,895).

Males in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN have an average income that is 1.39 times higher than the average income of females, which is $46,820. The income inequality in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN (measured using the Gini index) is 0.407, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

29,540

Women

48.8%

30,975

Men

51.2%

The workforce of Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN in 2020 was 60,515 people, with 48.8% woman, and 51.2% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

60.3k

2022 Value

0.28%

1 Year growth

± 0.28%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN grew at a rate of 0.28%, from 60.1k employees to 60.3k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN, are Other assemblers and fabricators (2,674 people), Driver/sales workers & truck drivers (2,102 people), and Retail salespersons (1,469 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Indiana (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Industries

Employment by Industries

60.3k

2022 Value

0.28%

1 Year growth

± 0.28%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN grew at a rate of 0.28%, from 60.1k employees to 60.3k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN, are Motor vehicles & motor vehicle equipment manufacturing (7,494 people), Restaurants & Food Services (4,586 people), and Elementary & secondary schools (3,581 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN, though some of these residents may live in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$51,092

Median earning men ± $2,357

$34,445

Median earning women ± $1,338

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2023 are Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting, & Mining ($64,837), Manufacturing ($60,048), and Transportation & Warehousing, & Utilities ($59,947).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2023 are Public Administration ($50,653), Wholesale Trade ($47,031), and Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($45,840).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Indiana.

Y-Axis

2.48%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 3.21M people employed in Indiana. This represents a 2.48% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

Right after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, during April 2020, a general dip can be seen across industry sectors, resulting in an overall decline in employment by 15.4%.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Indiana.

Civics

In the 2024 presidential election, the popular vote in Indiana went to Donald J. Trump with 58.8% of the vote. The runner-up was Kamala Harris (39.8%), followed by Robert Kennedy (1%).

Todd Young and Jim Banks are the senators currently representing the state of Indiana. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Indiana is currently represented by 9 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN. Showing the available data for Indiana.

2024 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (58.8%)
Republican Party
Kamala Harris (39.8%)
Democratic Party
Robert Kennedy (1%)
Independent Party

In the 2024 presidential election, the popular vote in Indiana went to Donald J. Trump with 58.8% of the vote. The runner-up was Kamala Harris (39.8%), followed by Robert Kennedy (1%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Indiana for each registered party from 1976 to 2024.

Senator Elections

US Senators from Indiana

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Indiana.

Todd Young

Senator from Indiana

Assumed office on January 3, 2017

Jim Banks

Senator from Indiana

Assumed office on January 3, 2025

Todd Young and Jim Banks are the senators currently representing Indiana.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Indiana over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representative Elections

US Representatives from Indiana

Indiana is currently represented by 9 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Indiana have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2023, universities in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN awarded 763 degrees. The student population of Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN in 2023 is skewed towards women, with 1,018 male students and 2,028 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN are White (589 and 77.8%), followed by Hispanic or Latino (50 and 6.61%), Black or African American (42 and 5.55%), and Two or More Races (31 and 4.1%).

The largest universities in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN by number of degrees awarded are Indiana University-Kokomo (628 and 82.3%), Summit Salon Academy-Kokomo (83 and 10.9%), and Ross Medical Education Center-Kokomo (52 and 6.82%).

The most popular majors in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN are General Business (102 and 13.4%), Registered Nursing (100 and 13.1%), and Medical Assistant (42 and 5.5%).

The median tuition cost in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN for a public four year colleges is $7,492 for in-state students and $21,356 for out-of-state students.

Admissions & Enrollments

Applicants, Admissions & Enrolled

University

Measure

In 2023 in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN, the percentage of applicants admitted was 84.7%, while the percentage of admitted who enrolled was 29.1%. The number of students enrolled in 2023 was 3,046 (33.4% men and 66.6% women).

The line chart shows the evolution of the percentage of applicants admitted, admitted who enrolled or the number of students enrolled according to the option selected in the upper button.

Enrollments by Gender and Races

Universities

In 2023 there were 3,046 students enrolled in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN, 33.4% men and 66.6% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in White with 2,267 records, of which 66.4% were women and 33.6% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

Registered Nursing
100 degrees awarded
General Business
73 degrees awarded
Other Liberal Arts & Sciences, General Studies, & Humanities
36 degrees awarded

In 2023, the most common concentation for N/A recipients in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN was Registered Nursing with 100 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a N/A from schools in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Indiana University-Kokomo
628 degrees awarded
Summit Salon Academy-Kokomo
83 degrees awarded
Ross Medical Education Center-Kokomo
52 degrees awarded

In 2023, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was Indiana University-Kokomo with 628 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

University

In 2023, 216 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN, which is 0.395 times less than the 547 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2023, the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was White students. These 589 degrees mean that there were 11.8 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Hispanic or Latino, with 50 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Universities

Public, 4-year or above ($7,492) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2023.

Public, 4-year or above ($687) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2023.

Public, 4-year or above ($840) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2022, 0.6% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 1.01% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN in 2022 were High School or Equivalent (41.9k), Some college (24k), and Secondary Education (15.9k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN was $146,400 in 2023, which is NaNM times the same as the national average of N/A. Between 2022 and 2023 the median property value increased from $135,900 to $146,400, a 7.73% increase. The homeownership rate in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN is 73.9%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 65%.

Median household income in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN is $62,465. In N/A, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN was Hamilton County (East)--Noblesville City & Fishers Town (East) PUMA, IN with a value of $120,870, followed by Hamilton County (Central)--Carmel City & Fishers Town (West) PUMA, IN and Boone & Hamilton (Northwest) Counties PUMA, IN, with respective values of $120,526 and $106,810.

Housing

Property

$146,400

Median Property Value 2023

±$3,612

$41,618

Median Property Taxes

±$1,440

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN the largest share of households pay taxes in the < $800 range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

73.9%

Homeownership

2023

65.5%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2023

In 2023, 73.9% of the housing units in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 73.5%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In N/A, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN was Hamilton County (East)--Noblesville City & Fishers Town (East) PUMA, IN with a value of $120,870, followed by Hamilton County (Central)--Carmel City & Fishers Town (West) PUMA, IN and Boone & Hamilton (Northwest) Counties PUMA, IN, with respective values of $120,526 and $106,810.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$62,465

Median Household Income

± $1,710

56.3k

Number of Households

± 1,779

In 2023, the median household income of the 56.3k households in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN grew to $62,465 from the previous year's value of $61,170.

The following chart displays the households in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Wage Distribution

0.407

2022 Wage GINI in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN

0.405

2021 Wage GINI in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN

In 2022, the income inequality in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN was 0.407 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.638% growth from 2021 to 2022, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat less even. The GINI for Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN was lower than than the national average of 1. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

In N/A, N/A% of workers in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN N/A, followed by those who N/A (N/A%) and those who N/A (N/A%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

N/A minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN have a N/A commute time (N/A minutes) than the normal US worker (N/A minutes). Additionally, 1.86% of the workforce in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

N/A

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN have N/A.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

12.5% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN (16.7k out of 134k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is approximately the same as the national average of N/A%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Females 35 - 44 and then Females 18 - 24.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN is White, followed by Hispanic and Black.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

93.1% of the population of Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN has health coverage, with 47.2% on employee plans, 18.4% on Medicaid, 15.5% on Medicare, 10.8% on non-group plans, and 1.25% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in Indiana see 1500 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.334% increase from the previous year (1495 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1701 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 529 patients per year.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Indiana.

1,500 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Indiana

Primary care physicians in Indiana see an average of 1,500 patients per year. This represents a 0.334% increase from the previous year (1,495 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Indiana in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2023, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 24.2% under 18 years, 18.7% between 18 and 34 years, 38.2% between 35 and 64 years, and 19% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 48.2% were men and 51.8% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

6.91%

Uninsured

47.2%

Employer Coverage

18.4%

Medicaid

15.5%

Medicare

10.8%

Non-Group

1.25%

Military or VA

Between 2022 and 2023, the percent of uninsured citizens in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN declined by 3.19% from 7.14% to 6.91%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Howard, Cass & Tipton Counties--Kokomo City PUMA, IN changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.